Flexible deterrent option Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adaptable obstruction alternative - Essay Example FDO is hence a more group and incorporated methodology than other military activities. In this exposition along these lines, a current adaptable obstruction choice is examined by utilization of beginning power investigation to understudy how the FDO expands resistance backing to the key determinants of FDO referenced previously. The accentuation of prevention is a Task Force to discourage Ahurastani hostility from disturbing. Beginning Force Analysis for a Flexible Deterrent Option Capabilities expected to achieve the predetermined key assignments For the adaptable obstruction alternative to be effectively executed, there are key abilities that must be cultivated for each key explicit undertaking. A significant part of the adaptable obstacle choice is that despite the fact that the adaptable impediment alternative (FDO) has a point of making sure about Nakhchivan landing strip to encourage power and sustainment stream into the whole Nakhchivan locale, this point would be viewed as an aggregate objective that can't be accomplished by performing just one undertaking. When this occurs, the FDO turns into an occasion as opposed to a procedure. The point can in this way be separated into explicit goals, which are each upheld by a particular key undertaking. The aggregate accomplishment of the errands at that point speaks to the accomplishment of the aim3. ... These are manageable capability, direction, vitality and materials (commitment), battle status, data obtaining and handling, condition (information), frameworks and demonstrating (move), and power structure. As a result of the interrelated idea of the crucial the FDO, these abilities will be treated as related segments of the mission instead of individual capacities that distributed powers must show. Assets in allotted powers There are three significant allocated powers, which are armed force, flying corps and naval force. Among every one of these powers, it is normal that each of the six abilities recognized above will be displayed. In any case, so as to make this conceivable, it is normal that specific assets that improve the advancement of the abilities will be set up. This is especially vital as the capacities can't be obtained or learned on an autonomous premise in the missing of assets. At present, inside the military, it is noticed that there is a presence of tremendous issues with preparing, preparing and inspiration for officers. In the interim for ability, for example, reasonable skill to occur, it is significant that troopers get preparing consistently with the goal that their capabilities can be ensured and continued. A similar contention about preparing is valid if capacities like commitment, battle preparation, information and move would all be able to be acquired4. For the ability of information, which manages data obtaining and preparing to occur, it is normal that the military will be well prepared in the conveyance of its obligations. A comparable case can be made for power structure, maintainable fitness and battle status, which are on the whole capacities that can't be ensured without inspiration for troopers.

Sociology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Humanism - Assignment Example A proportion of the wellbeing status utilizing the way of life list shows that dietary decisions fluctuate in the two classes of populace in the various nations or districts. Shopper inclinations likewise change with an adjustment in ways of life (Mathur, Moschis and Lee 234). Therefore, the adjustments in dietary decision that go with a way of life rise lead to way of life issue. Diabetes and malignant growth impacts are a high chance in such situations when one’s status rise. An ascent in way of life may start different practices as medication misuse, liquor abuse and smoking on the grounds that the individual can stand to buy medications and liquor. An adjustment in the way of life may present impacts on an individual’s perception of social standards. People will in general change their recognition to societies as those identified with public activity. Arranged relationships, for example, was a striking society in different pieces of the world as India. With the expa nsion in living status of people, such societies will in general get little contemplations. A noteworthy segment of the populace inclines toward decision union with arranged relationships due to the expansion in pay and status of the populace. Living status, along these lines, influences the public activity of a network or society. Q2 Among the difficulties, confronting the administration of America is the living status of a segment of its populace. The Census Bureau utilizes the salary factor to decide the degree of pay of the populace to decide the degree of destitution. Should the complete family unit salary be deficient to meet the family edge needs of costs, at that point the family is poor. Neediness in America is generally apparent in states as New Hampshire and New Jersey among different states. There are two remarkable issues among the poor in America. The main classification of the poor in America has a high number of low-salary employments while the subsequent gathering i s that with almost no activity allotments. The two classes of the poor in America are high in number, which keeps on expanding at a shocking rate. In different pieces of the world, the impoverishment is a key issue influencing the populace. Globalization impacts keep on influencing the business sectors in different pieces of the world. Impacts of monetary kickback are clear a result of globalization. This is a main source of impoverishment in different pieces of the world as Italy. The polarizing impacts of globalization saw the diminishing off business open doors for a noteworthy populace of the world. This is like the instance of the poor in America who need employments. The polarizing impacts of the globalization have had impacts of low wages among the utilized that is like the deficient income among the poor in America. The likeness between the poor in America and the ruined in different pieces of the world exudes from the inadequate wages for the utilized or the all out absence of employments. Q3 The monetary emergency that dodged the world in keeps on being top among the worldwide issues, today. The emergency is recognizable through five significant stages. As per Elliott, the emergency started in 2007 August 9 (1). This first stage saw the seizure in the monetary establishments (banks being the most influenced). This prompted banks halting business with one another. The August 15 2008 denoted the second period of the worldwide wonder. The legislature of the United States, on this date, allowed Lehman Brothers (a venture bank) to achieve chapter 11 status. The tumble down of Lehman Brothers saw the fall

Greetings from Switzerland

Greetings from Switzerland I did something today that I had previously sworn I would never do. I joined College Confidential. I finally decided that, no matter how much a lot of the stuff written in the MIT forum (and elsewhere, for that matter) makes me want to throw up or strangle the writers, it doesnt do any good to pretend like its not there and allow misinformation to run rampant. The clincher was when a friend sent me a link to a post about gaming the housing lottery. YOU DONT NEED TO GAME THE GODDAMMED LOTTERY! YOU DONT ACTUALLY CHOOSE YOUR PERMANENT LIVING GROUP UNTIL ORIENTATION! YOUR SUMMER ASSIGMENT IS SO THAT YOU HAVE A PLACE TO STAY UNTIL YOUVE PICKED A PERMANENT LIVING GROUP!* I feel better having screamed, dont you? R.E.M, Ignoreland Heh. Now that Ive said that, hello from Lausanne, Switzerland, where Ive been living for the past 10 days. Im writing this from a computer in EPFLs Brain Mind Institute, where I work. Im staying in Ada-Logements, a downtown boarding house about two and a half miles from here. Im also taking pictures. At some point, Ill put these on the Internet, but I need to have time to acquire a power adaptor for my laptop so that I can actually use it in Europe. Work is challenging and interesting. Mostly Ive been writing code in MATLAB and C. The code reads neural traces stored as binary files, does some magic and digital-to-analog conversion, and eventually produces an ASCII file of spike peak times. Ive also been tooling some in my free time, working my way through the books I started during term on C and UNIX systems (Im self-taught in both of these), and through a textbook on theoretical neuroscience (i.e. computational/mathematical modelling of neurons and neural systems). Good stuff to know. When Im not working, I can explore the city and go to places like the Cathedral of Lausanne, which was built in the 13th century and was the site of the Dispute of Lausanne during the Reformation. Or, right next to it, the Lausanne Historical Museum. Or the citys Ancient Roman ruins, or the International Olympic Committee headquarters. Somebody asked in the last post how I got this job. Actually, I Googled neuroscience internships several months ago, and found the relevant website, and sent the famed Henry Markram, the co-director of the Brain Mind Institute and the leader of what is now my lab, my resume. He forwarded it on, asking if anyone was interested in working with an MIT student. From there, things gradually fell into place, and now Im here, working with the financial support of a nice fellowship. What are you doing this summer? *This statement is not true if your summer assignment is to a living group with RBA (Residence-Based Advising). These would be Next House, McCormick, and two of the Cultural Houses. If you are put in one of those, youre there for your whole freshman year, so you should consider the matter carefully if youre thinking about RBA.

Essay about Greek Tragedy Exemplified in Shakespeares...

Greek Tragedy Exemplified in Shakespeares Hamlet For several thousands of years, drama has existed among mankind. The ancient Greeks are accredited with the creation of drama, which began as simple religious rituals and eventually evolved into the more complex forms of tragedies and comedies. The first rules of drama, not surprisingly, were also written by a Greek--the famous philosopher and intellectual, Aristotle. Aristotle took note of the what qualities created a successful dramatic piece by observing a plethora of plays written by different Greek dramatists. As a result of what he observed, Aristotle compiled a set of guidelines to define the perfect tragedy. So influential, thorough, and well crafted were his writings that†¦show more content†¦All of the characters of the play need to act true to life and to act in a general manner. The actions of the characters determine the outcome of the play, so each character should act in a particular way to ensure smoothness in the unraveling of the plot. Skillful word handling is also very important to the quality of the play. The arrangement of words into a given meter and the choice of words used greatly effects the interest of the play. Through the diction of the play, the playwright shows his true ability to actually create poetry or write in prose. Song is another medium that can be used in the place of regular verse or prose, but the use of diction in song is equally important as it is in regular dialogue. Physical presentation of the play, while appealing to the eye, is the least of all the factors of a play. The scenery and costumes of the actors do add interest to the play but are not actually required, as the given tragedy can be performed just as successfully without it. As stated before, spectacle merely adds a superficial touch to the play, as the poet himself may or may not have any bearing over its handling. A good example of the use of the guidelines of Aristotle in more recent times is manifested in the writings of William Shakespeare. The tragedies of Shakespeare are always well thought out, and contain skillfully crafted plots. Each tragedy contains aShow MoreRelated Beckett, Brecht and Endgame Essay2233 Words   |  9 Pagesprologue by himself (Beckett 1-2). Becketts indirect use of a prologue reflects a theatrical introduction convention which began in early Greek drama. The prologue sets the story within the story-the play within the play. The prologue presents the audience with a situation to be critically observed, as exemplified in the opening lines of Shakespeares political commentary, The Life of King Henry the Fifth ; the chorus speaks:    Admit me Chorus to this history, Who, Prologue-likeRead More The tragic in Antony and Cleopatra Essay3706 Words   |  15 Pagesgipsys lust. Antony and Cleopatra seems to have a special place in Shakespeares works because it is at a crossroad between two types of play. It clearly belongs to what are generally called the Roman plays, along with Coriolanus and Julius Caesar. But it is also considered a tragedy. The importance of history in the play cannot be denied, especially where it is compared to Shakespeares great tragedies such as Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet. But one might wonder what is specifically tragicRead MoreThe Lasting Influences of the Classical World on Other Cultures Across Time in Comedic Texts2727 Words   |  11 PagesFrogs. Shakespeare was the next great dramatist, and arguably the great dramatist, and he has evolved Aristophanes’ ideas and methods and developed them to greater extent. These can be seen in works such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream, King Lear and Hamlet, but are present in the large majority of his works. And with the invention of cinema and eventually television, drama dive rsified so drastically that the different forms of drama vary an astonishing amount. But even within modern comedies, such asRead Moreâ€Å"the Spirit of Renaissance and Elizabethan Era†5448 Words   |  22 Pageslandowners lost their hegemony over the lower classes, as opportunities for growth and enrichment beckoned from the swelling urban centers. In Italy, for example, educated citizens rediscovered the grace and power of their classical, pagan traditions. Greek and Roman mythologies and philosophies served as the inspirational material for a new wave of artistic creation. Intellectuals adopted a line of thought known as â€Å"humanism,† in which mankind was believed capable of earthly perfection beyond what had

Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin

In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain a powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug that has helped save millions of lives. Dirty Petri Dishes On a September morning in 1928, Alexander Fleming sat at his workbench at St. Marys Hospital after having just returned from a vacation at the Dhoon (his country house) with his family. Before he had left on vacation, Fleming had piled a number of his Petri dishes to the side of the bench so that Stuart R. Craddock could use his workbench while he was away. Back from vacation, Fleming was sorting through the long unattended stacks to determine which ones could be salvaged. Many of the dishes had been contaminated. Fleming placed each of these in an ever-growing pile in a tray of Lysol. Looking for a Wonder Drug Much of Flemings work focused on the search for a wonder drug. Though the concept of bacteria had been around since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described it in 1683, it wasnt until the late nineteenth century that Louis Pasteur confirmed that bacteria caused diseases. However, though they had this knowledge, no one had yet been able to find a chemical that would kill harmful bacteria but also not harm the human body. In 1922, Fleming made an important discovery, lysozyme. While working with some bacteria, Flemings nose leaked, dropping some mucus onto the dish. The bacteria disappeared. Fleming had discovered a natural substance found in tears and nasal mucus that helps the body fight germs. Fleming now realized the possibility of finding a substance that could kill bacteria but not adversely affect the human body. Finding the Mold In 1928, while sorting through his pile of dishes, Flemings former lab assistant, D. Merlin Pryce stopped by to visit with Fleming. Fleming took this opportunity to gripe about the amount of extra work he had to do since Pryce had transferred from his lab. To demonstrate, Fleming rummaged through the large pile of plates he had placed in the Lysol tray and pulled out several that had remained safely above the Lysol. Had there not been so many, each would have been submerged in Lysol, killing the bacteria to make the plates safe to clean and then reuse. While picking up one particular dish to show Pryce, Fleming noticed something strange about it. While he had been away, a mold had grown on the dish. That in itself was not strange. However, this particular mold seemed to have killed the Staphylococcus aureus that had been growing in the dish. Fleming realized that this mold had potential. What Was That Mold? Fleming spent several weeks growing more mold and trying to determine the particular substance in the mold that killed the bacteria. After discussing the mold with mycologist (mold expert) C. J. La Touche who had his office below Flemings, they determined the mold to be a Penicillium mold. Fleming then called the active antibacterial agent in the mold, penicillin. But where did the mold come from? Most likely, the mold came from La Touches room downstairs. La Touche had been collecting a large sampling of molds for John Freeman, who was researching asthma, and it is likely that some floated up to Flemings lab. Fleming continued to run numerous experiments to determine the effect of the mold on other harmful bacteria. Surprisingly, the mold killed a large number of them. Fleming then ran further tests and found the mold to be non-toxic. Could this be the wonder drug? To Fleming, it was not. Though he saw its potential, Fleming was not a chemist and thus was unable to isolate the active antibacterial element, penicillin, and could not keep the element active long enough to be used in humans. In 1929, Fleming wrote a paper on his findings, which did not garner any scientific interest. 12 Years Later In 1940, the second year of World War II, two scientists at Oxford University were researching promising projects in bacteriology that could possibly be enhanced or continued with chemistry. Australian Howard Florey and German refugee Ernst Chain began working with penicillin. Using new chemical techniques, they were able to produce a brown powder that kept its antibacterial power for longer than a few days. They experimented with the powder and found it to be safe. Needing the new drug immediately for the war front, mass production started quickly. The availability of penicillin during World War II saved many lives that otherwise would have been lost due to bacterial infections in even minor wounds. Penicillin also treated diphtheria, gangrene, pneumonia, syphilis, and tuberculosis. Recognition Though Fleming discovered penicillin, it took Florey and Chain to make it a usable product. Though both Fleming and Florey were knighted in 1944 and all three of them (Fleming, Florey, and Chain) were awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Fleming is still credited for discovering penicillin.

Stefan’s Diaries Origins Chapter 13 Free Essays

I walked back to my room, unsure what to think. Vampiros. Vampires. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The word sounded wrong, no matter what language it was in. Coyotes. That was a word that made sense. After all, a coyote was just like a wolf, a wild animal drawn to the confusing tangle of the deep Virginia woods. If Rosalyn was killed by a coyote, it would be tragic, but understandable. But for Rosalyn to be killed by a demon? I laughed, the sound coming out like a short bark as I strode into my bedroom and sat with my head in my hands. My headache had returned with renewed vigor, and I remembered Emily’s request that I not eat Cordelia’s cooking. On top of everything else, it seemed the servants were turning on each other. Suddenly, I heard three soft raps on the door. The sound was so slight it might be the wind, which had shown no sign of stopping since we got back from the woods. â€Å"Hello?† I called hesitantly. The raps started again, more insistently this time. On the other side of the room, the cotton curtains blew violently in the wind. â€Å"Alfred?† I called, the hairs on the back of my neck standing up. Father’s tale had definitely affected me. â€Å"I won’t be needing dinner,† I called affected me. â€Å"I won’t be needing dinner,† I called loudly. I grabbed a letter opener from my desk and held it behind my back as I headed cautiously toward the door. But just as I placed my hand on the doorknob, the door began to swing inward. â€Å"This isn’t funny!† I called, half hysterical, when all of a sudden, a figure in pale blue slipped into the room. Katherine. â€Å"Good, because humor has never been one of my strong points,† Katherine said, her smile revealing her straight, white teeth. â€Å"I’m sorry.† I blushed and hastily dropped the letter opener onto the desk. â€Å"I’m just †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Y ou’re still recovering.† Katherine’s brown eyes locked with my own. â€Å"I’m sorry to startle you.† She sat down on the center of my bed, pulling her knees up to her chest. â€Å"Y our brother’s worried about you.† â€Å"Oh †¦,† I stammered. I couldn’t believe that Katherine Pierce had come into my bedroom and was sitting on my bed, as if it were perfectly normal. No woman, except my mother and Cordelia, had ever been in my sleeping chambers. I was suddenly embarrassed by my muddy boots in one corner, the pile of china dishes in another, and the Shakespeare volume still open on the desk. â€Å"Do you want to know a secret?† Katherine asked. I stood at the door, clutching the brass doorknob. â€Å"Maybe?† I asked hesitantly. â€Å"Come closer and I’ll tell you.† She beckoned me with her finger. Townspeople were scandalized if a couple went walking to the Wickery Bridge without a chaperone. But here Katherine was without a chaperone–or stockings, for that matter –perched on my bed, asking me to join her there. There was no way I could resist that. I gingerly sat on the edge of the bed. Immediately she flipped onto her hands and knees and crawled over to me. Pushing her hair over one shoulder, she cupped my ear with her hand. â€Å"My secret is that I’ve been worried about you, too,† she whispered. Her breath was unnaturally cold against my cheek. My leg muscles twitched. I knew I should demand that she leave, right away. But instead I inched closer to her. â€Å"Really?† I whispered. â€Å"Yes,† Katherine murmured, looking deep into my eyes. â€Å"Y need to forget Rosalyn.† ou I shivered and glanced away from Katherine’s dark-brown eyes toward the window, watching a fast-moving summer storm sweep in. Katherine took my chin in her ice-cold hands and turned my eyes back to hers. â€Å"Rosalyn is dead,† she continued, her face full of sorrow and kindness. â€Å"But you aren’t. Rosalyn wouldn’t have wanted you to shut yourself away like a criminal. No one would want that for their betrothed, don’t you agree?† I nodded slowly. Even though Damon had told me the same thing, the words made infinitely more sense when coming from Katherine’s mouth. Her lips curved in a small smile. â€Å"Y ou’ll find happiness again,† she said. â€Å"I want to help you. But you have to let me, sweet Stefan.† Katherine laid her hand against my forehead. I felt a surge of heat and ice converging at my temple. I flinched from the force of it, disappointment welling in my chest as Katherine’s hand dropped back into her lap. â€Å"Are those the flowers I picked for you?† Katherine asked suddenly, looking across the room. â€Å"Y ou’ve shoved them into the corner without any light!† â€Å"I’m sorry,† I said. She imperiously swung her legs off the bed and bent to take the basket from under my desk. She drew the shades, then stared at me, her arms crossed over her chest. My breath caught in my throat. Her light-blue crepe dress highlighted her tiny waist, and her necklace lay at the hollow of her neck. She was undeniably beautiful. She plucked a daisy from the bunch, removing the petals one by one. â€Å"Y esterday I saw a servant child play a silly game–he loves me, he loves me not.† She laughed, but then her smile abruptly turned solemn. â€Å"What do you think the answer would be?† And suddenly, she stood above me, her hands on my shoulders. I inhaled her scent of ginger and lemon, unsure what to say, knowing only that I wanted to feel her hands on my shoulders forever. â€Å"Would the answer be he loves me †¦ or he loves me not?† Katherine asked, leaning toward me. My body began quivering with a desire I didn’t know I possessed. My lips were mere inches away from hers. â€Å"What’s the answer?† Katherine asked, biting her lip in the impression of a shy maiden. I laughed despite myself. I felt as if I were watching the scene unfold, powerless to stop what I was about to do. I knew this was wrong. Sinful. But how could it be sinful if every fiber of my being wanted it more than anything? Rosalyn was dead. Katherine was alive. And I was alive, too, and I needed to start acting like it. If what Father said was true, and I was about to fight the battle of my life between good and evil, then I needed to learn to have confidence in myself and my choices. I needed to stop thinking and start believing in myself, in my convictions, in my desires. â€Å"Do you really need me to answer?† I asked, reaching for her waist. I grabbed her and pulled her onto the bed with a strength I didn’t know I her onto the bed with a strength I didn’t know I possessed. She shrieked in delight and tumbled onto the bed next to me. Her breath was sweet, and her hands were cold and holding mine, and suddenly, nothing else–not Rosalyn, not my father’s demons, not even Damon–mattered. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 13, Essay examples

Aimee-Lynn Edna Warburton H... free essay sample

Aimee-Lynn Edna Warburton Human Physiology Assignment Jenny Holden-Wilde Thursday, 31 May 2018Potassium deficiency in the body (Hypokalemia)What is Hypokalemia?Hypokalemia, also known as hypokalaemia, is when the levels of potassium in the blood in the body are too low.What is potassium needed for in the body?Potassium is important in the body. It helps to carry electrical signals/impulses to cells inside of the body and it is important for the normal functioning of muscle and nerve cells, specifically the heart.It is mainly used for three different areas; Balancing blood pressure levels, musculoskeletal functions, and as an electrolyte.Balancing blood pressure levels. Balanced levels of potassium and sodium are important for the bodys electrolyte levels. So, as sodium has a massive effect on the bodys blood pressure levels, increasing your daily potassium intake can help to keep your blood pressure levels secure as the increase of potassium will help to even out your internal sodium count. Musculoskeletal functions.Potassium is important for your smooth and skeletal muscles to contract. Because of this good strong levels of potassium are needed for regular digestive and muscular functioning. Potassium is also important for the health of your heart and with too little potassium in the body; your heart rate may increase into an irregular heartbeat- This may lead of a cardiac arrest. Symptoms of hypokalemia Symptoms of hypokalemia may include fatigue (feeling very tired), constipation, getting cramps throughout the body, and feeling weakness throughout the body. How do you lose potassium from the body?Potassium can be lost from the body in many ways. The most common way people lose potassium is via bodily fluids. (This is usually after taking medication. If this is the case, it will be lost through urine. Medications prescribed that may cause this include treatments for heart disease or high blood pressure.)Other ways that potassium can be lost is through vomiting, diarrhoea, alcohol use or the use of diuretics/laxatives.Occasionally, low levels of potassium are caused by not consuming enough potassium in your diet. Treatments for hypokalemia (Ways to put potassium back into the body)Good ways to put potassium back into the body would be to eat potassium rich foods. Some of these are; bananas, avocados, spinach, and sweet potatoes.Stopping drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, and switching to medications which make you not urinate as often are also ways to keep your bodys potassium levels normal.No medical interventions are needed to cure his disease.__________________________________________________________________________________________Sodium deficiency in the body (hyponatremia)What is hyponatremia?Hyponatremia is when the levels of sodium in the blood in the body are too low.What is sodium needed for in the body?Sodium is essential for the body. Without it we would simply not function properly and in cases with complete lack of sodium we would die. The most important roles of sodium in the body are to regulate your blood pressure and to help with muscle and nerve function.Balancing blood pressure levels.Sodium is absorbed into the blood through the GI tract (gastrointestinal tract) and is a very important factor for keeping your blood pressure levels steady. Sodium pulls in and keeps hold of water (hence why is it used as a curing product) this is useful to control the liquid content of the blood in the body. Without sodium we would lose the majority of the liquid content of the blood.Muscle and nerve function.Muscles and nerves require electrical currents to work. Both muscle and nerve cells create the needed electrical currents by regulating the flow of electrically charged molecules- sodium being an example.In muscle cells the contraction of the muscle is stimulated by these electrical currents. However, in nerves, they require the electrical current to communicate with other nerves. Molecular pumps are used inside of cells to regulate the sodium levels outside of the cell as they are needed to be kept high. Whenever an electrical current is required by the body, cells allow the positively charged sodium ions, NA+, into the cell, generating a positive electrical current. What part of the body regulates sodium levels?Sodium levels are regulated very carefully in the body to prevent levels from getting too high, or too low. However, your kidneys are responsible for regulating the concentration of sodium; this includes retaining sodium when your levels are low and excreting sodium in your urine when levels are too high. People with kidney problems may be more susceptible to quick and dangerous changes in sodium levels due to the non-functioning of their kidneys. Other ways that sodium is lost is in the form of sweat. This means that people who sweat more than other people, such as athletes, are more likely to have a sodium deficiency during increased periods of physical activity.Effects of sodium deficiency.As sodium is such an important integral part of muscle and nerve function, too little sodium can have catastrophic effects on the body. Common effects of hyponatremia are; cramps, headaches, muscle spasms, irritability, restlessness, nausea and fatigue. However, more severe signs of it are; confusion, hallucinations, decreased consciousness and even resorting to being placed into a coma. Treatments for sodium deficiencyThe only treatment often needed for a deficiency in sodium is a dietary or lifestyle change. Only in severe cases of hyponatremia, intravenous (IV or drip) fluids and electrolytes may be required. In this case, medication is usually needed to treat the underlying cause of the hyponatremia as well as the medication to manage the symptoms of it.________________________________________________________________________________Calcium deficiency in the body (hypocalcemia)What is hypocalcemia?Hypocalcemia, also known as hypocalcaemia is the lack of calcium in the body.What is potassium needed for in the body?Since calcium is a vital mineral, it is needed to build strong teeth and bones. Calcium is also required for your heart and other organs and muscles to function properly. If you do not get enough calcium as a child, its proven that you will not grow to your full height as an adult (Graham Rogers, MD on August 25, 2017). Who is at risk of developing hypocalcaemia?Many people are at an increased risk of developing hypocalcaemia as they age. This may be because of a variety of factors, including; poor calcium intake over an extended period of time- usually childhood, medications that may decrease calcium absorption, dietary intolerance to foods that contain calcium, hormonal changes- especially in women, and certain genetic factors.Other causes of hypocalcaemia are; people with low levels of vitamin D- as it makes it harder to absorb calcium, people that medications and drugs used to treat elevated calcium levels, people with pancreatitis, people with hypomagnesaemia or hyperphosphatemia, septic shock, renal failure and the removal of the parathyroid gland tissue as part of surgery to remove the thyroid gland. Missing your daily dose of calcium will not make you deficient over night, but its still important to eat calcium every day. Vegans are more likely to become calcium deficient quicker as they do nt eat calcium rich dairy products.Effects of calcium deficiencyThere are no short-term symptoms or effects of hypocalcaemia because the body maintains its calcium levels by taking calcium directly from the bones. However, having low levels of calcium for a long period of time can have serious effects. Such as; confusion or memory loss, muscle spasms, numbness and tingling in the hands, feet and face, depression, hallucinations, muscle cramps, weak and brittle nails, and having easy fracturing bones. Calcium deficiencies can affect all parts of the body, resulting in slower hair growth and fragile, thin skin.It is also an important role player in both neurotransmitter release and muscle contractions. This is why calcium deficiencies can bring on seizures in otherwise healthy people.Treatments for hypocalcaemiaHypocalcaemia is usually quite easy to treat. It typically involves adding more calcium to your diet.It is important that you do not self-treat by taking a lot of calcium supplements, As taking more than the recommended dose without your doctors approval can lead to serious issues such as kidney stones. Supplements recommended by doctors include; calcium carbonate, calcium citrate and calcium phosphate. These can come in liquid, tablet or chewable forms.What are the possible complications from having a calcium deficiency? Complications from having hypocalcaemia include; eye damage, an abnormal heartbeat and osteoporosis. Serious osteoporosis can lead to difficulty walking, spinal fractures or other bone fractures and even disability.________________________________________________________________________________Starch, proteins, lipids, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and vitamin C are all key nutrients needed for maintaining a balanced diet.What do we need carbohydrates for?We need carbohydrates in the body as glucose is our number one source of energy for our cells and brain. Without glucose we wont be able to think and remember things as well as the neurotransmitters in your brain wont be able to synthesize properly. Carbohydrates also contain lots of vitamin B, which help you make red blood cells which transport oxygen around your body, and vitamin C, which helps you to keep your skin healthy and it reduces any damage to your body from toxic chemicals.Furthermore, eating carbohydrates reduces the risk of heart disease and lowers your cholesterol levels dramatically. Without glucose from the carbohydrates, your body would eat up your muscles instead, causing serious problems for your body.Glucose even provides nutrients for the bacteria in our intestines, which help us to digest food.What happens if you dont have carbohydrates in your diet?If you dont have carbohydrates in your diet, you wont have enough glucose in your blood, so your blood sugar levels will drop causing hypoglycemiaThe signs of hypoglycemia are: hunger, shakiness, dizziness, confusion, difficulty speaking and feeling anxious or weak.How do you put carbohydrates back in to your diet?One way to put carbohydrates back into your bod y is eating foods like: grains, fruits, beans, milk products and vegetables.What do we need proteins for?We need protein in our body as every single cell in our body is made out of amino acids. Amino acids help us to repair and make new cells. Having a sufficient amount of protein in our body is also important for growth and development in small children, teenagers and pregnant women. To add to this it is also needed to make enzymes, hormones and other bodily chemicals. And is even an important building block for bones, muscles, cartilage, skin and blood.What happens if you dont have proteins in your diet?There are nine essential amino acids you need to stay healthy. Without protein in your diet you can become amino acid deficient. Symptoms of amino acid deficiency include: muscle loss (unexpected weight loss caused by this), fatigue, depression, anxiety and even anemia. Your body will also be more prone to injury, and may take a lot longer to heal.When your body is lacking the intake of protein, your body will start to break down your skeletal muscles to make sure that amino acids are still being produced and transported around the body; this is why people that are amino acid deficient may experience significant weight loss and severe weakness and fatigue.How do you put proteins back in to your diet?One way to put proteins back into your body is to eat foods such as meats, milk, fish, and eggs, poultry, soy, beans, legumes, nut butters, and some grains which are high in amino acids.What do we need Vitamin C for?We need vitamin C in the body as it helps with the synthesis of collagen; a major part of connective tissue, bones, cartilage, and teeth which helps you heal. Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant for the body, which helps protect the bodys cells from damage. What happens if you dont have Vitamin C in your diet?If you dont have enough vitami n C in your body your blood vessels may become extremely weak with a possibility of them breaking. Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency are: bleeding; especially from the gums, tooth loss, a slow and sometimes painful healing process, anemia, bleeding from the skin, bruising easily and very frequent nose bleeds. How do you put Vitamin C back in to your diet?You can put vitamin C back into your body by eating fruit and vegetables. Some of these that are high in vitamin C are: red or yellow peppers, oranges or orange juice, strawberries, blackcurrants, broccoli, Brussels sprouts and potatoes.