Essay about Greek Tragedy Exemplified in Shakespeares...

Greek Tragedy Exemplified in Shakespeares Hamlet For several thousands of years, drama has existed among mankind. The ancient Greeks are accredited with the creation of drama, which began as simple religious rituals and eventually evolved into the more complex forms of tragedies and comedies. The first rules of drama, not surprisingly, were also written by a Greek--the famous philosopher and intellectual, Aristotle. Aristotle took note of the what qualities created a successful dramatic piece by observing a plethora of plays written by different Greek dramatists. As a result of what he observed, Aristotle compiled a set of guidelines to define the perfect tragedy. So influential, thorough, and well crafted were his writings that†¦show more content†¦All of the characters of the play need to act true to life and to act in a general manner. The actions of the characters determine the outcome of the play, so each character should act in a particular way to ensure smoothness in the unraveling of the plot. Skillful word handling is also very important to the quality of the play. The arrangement of words into a given meter and the choice of words used greatly effects the interest of the play. Through the diction of the play, the playwright shows his true ability to actually create poetry or write in prose. Song is another medium that can be used in the place of regular verse or prose, but the use of diction in song is equally important as it is in regular dialogue. Physical presentation of the play, while appealing to the eye, is the least of all the factors of a play. The scenery and costumes of the actors do add interest to the play but are not actually required, as the given tragedy can be performed just as successfully without it. As stated before, spectacle merely adds a superficial touch to the play, as the poet himself may or may not have any bearing over its handling. A good example of the use of the guidelines of Aristotle in more recent times is manifested in the writings of William Shakespeare. The tragedies of Shakespeare are always well thought out, and contain skillfully crafted plots. Each tragedy contains aShow MoreRelated Beckett, Brecht and Endgame Essay2233 Words   |  9 Pagesprologue by himself (Beckett 1-2). Becketts indirect use of a prologue reflects a theatrical introduction convention which began in early Greek drama. The prologue sets the story within the story-the play within the play. The prologue presents the audience with a situation to be critically observed, as exemplified in the opening lines of Shakespeares political commentary, The Life of King Henry the Fifth ; the chorus speaks:    Admit me Chorus to this history, Who, Prologue-likeRead More The tragic in Antony and Cleopatra Essay3706 Words   |  15 Pagesgipsys lust. Antony and Cleopatra seems to have a special place in Shakespeares works because it is at a crossroad between two types of play. It clearly belongs to what are generally called the Roman plays, along with Coriolanus and Julius Caesar. But it is also considered a tragedy. The importance of history in the play cannot be denied, especially where it is compared to Shakespeares great tragedies such as Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet. But one might wonder what is specifically tragicRead MoreThe Lasting Influences of the Classical World on Other Cultures Across Time in Comedic Texts2727 Words   |  11 PagesFrogs. Shakespeare was the next great dramatist, and arguably the great dramatist, and he has evolved Aristophanes’ ideas and methods and developed them to greater extent. These can be seen in works such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream, King Lear and Hamlet, but are present in the large majority of his works. And with the invention of cinema and eventually television, drama dive rsified so drastically that the different forms of drama vary an astonishing amount. But even within modern comedies, such asRead Moreâ€Å"the Spirit of Renaissance and Elizabethan Era†5448 Words   |  22 Pageslandowners lost their hegemony over the lower classes, as opportunities for growth and enrichment beckoned from the swelling urban centers. In Italy, for example, educated citizens rediscovered the grace and power of their classical, pagan traditions. Greek and Roman mythologies and philosophies served as the inspirational material for a new wave of artistic creation. Intellectuals adopted a line of thought known as â€Å"humanism,† in which mankind was believed capable of earthly perfection beyond what had

Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin

In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain a powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug that has helped save millions of lives. Dirty Petri Dishes On a September morning in 1928, Alexander Fleming sat at his workbench at St. Marys Hospital after having just returned from a vacation at the Dhoon (his country house) with his family. Before he had left on vacation, Fleming had piled a number of his Petri dishes to the side of the bench so that Stuart R. Craddock could use his workbench while he was away. Back from vacation, Fleming was sorting through the long unattended stacks to determine which ones could be salvaged. Many of the dishes had been contaminated. Fleming placed each of these in an ever-growing pile in a tray of Lysol. Looking for a Wonder Drug Much of Flemings work focused on the search for a wonder drug. Though the concept of bacteria had been around since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described it in 1683, it wasnt until the late nineteenth century that Louis Pasteur confirmed that bacteria caused diseases. However, though they had this knowledge, no one had yet been able to find a chemical that would kill harmful bacteria but also not harm the human body. In 1922, Fleming made an important discovery, lysozyme. While working with some bacteria, Flemings nose leaked, dropping some mucus onto the dish. The bacteria disappeared. Fleming had discovered a natural substance found in tears and nasal mucus that helps the body fight germs. Fleming now realized the possibility of finding a substance that could kill bacteria but not adversely affect the human body. Finding the Mold In 1928, while sorting through his pile of dishes, Flemings former lab assistant, D. Merlin Pryce stopped by to visit with Fleming. Fleming took this opportunity to gripe about the amount of extra work he had to do since Pryce had transferred from his lab. To demonstrate, Fleming rummaged through the large pile of plates he had placed in the Lysol tray and pulled out several that had remained safely above the Lysol. Had there not been so many, each would have been submerged in Lysol, killing the bacteria to make the plates safe to clean and then reuse. While picking up one particular dish to show Pryce, Fleming noticed something strange about it. While he had been away, a mold had grown on the dish. That in itself was not strange. However, this particular mold seemed to have killed the Staphylococcus aureus that had been growing in the dish. Fleming realized that this mold had potential. What Was That Mold? Fleming spent several weeks growing more mold and trying to determine the particular substance in the mold that killed the bacteria. After discussing the mold with mycologist (mold expert) C. J. La Touche who had his office below Flemings, they determined the mold to be a Penicillium mold. Fleming then called the active antibacterial agent in the mold, penicillin. But where did the mold come from? Most likely, the mold came from La Touches room downstairs. La Touche had been collecting a large sampling of molds for John Freeman, who was researching asthma, and it is likely that some floated up to Flemings lab. Fleming continued to run numerous experiments to determine the effect of the mold on other harmful bacteria. Surprisingly, the mold killed a large number of them. Fleming then ran further tests and found the mold to be non-toxic. Could this be the wonder drug? To Fleming, it was not. Though he saw its potential, Fleming was not a chemist and thus was unable to isolate the active antibacterial element, penicillin, and could not keep the element active long enough to be used in humans. In 1929, Fleming wrote a paper on his findings, which did not garner any scientific interest. 12 Years Later In 1940, the second year of World War II, two scientists at Oxford University were researching promising projects in bacteriology that could possibly be enhanced or continued with chemistry. Australian Howard Florey and German refugee Ernst Chain began working with penicillin. Using new chemical techniques, they were able to produce a brown powder that kept its antibacterial power for longer than a few days. They experimented with the powder and found it to be safe. Needing the new drug immediately for the war front, mass production started quickly. The availability of penicillin during World War II saved many lives that otherwise would have been lost due to bacterial infections in even minor wounds. Penicillin also treated diphtheria, gangrene, pneumonia, syphilis, and tuberculosis. Recognition Though Fleming discovered penicillin, it took Florey and Chain to make it a usable product. Though both Fleming and Florey were knighted in 1944 and all three of them (Fleming, Florey, and Chain) were awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Fleming is still credited for discovering penicillin.

Stefan’s Diaries Origins Chapter 13 Free Essays

I walked back to my room, unsure what to think. Vampiros. Vampires. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The word sounded wrong, no matter what language it was in. Coyotes. That was a word that made sense. After all, a coyote was just like a wolf, a wild animal drawn to the confusing tangle of the deep Virginia woods. If Rosalyn was killed by a coyote, it would be tragic, but understandable. But for Rosalyn to be killed by a demon? I laughed, the sound coming out like a short bark as I strode into my bedroom and sat with my head in my hands. My headache had returned with renewed vigor, and I remembered Emily’s request that I not eat Cordelia’s cooking. On top of everything else, it seemed the servants were turning on each other. Suddenly, I heard three soft raps on the door. The sound was so slight it might be the wind, which had shown no sign of stopping since we got back from the woods. â€Å"Hello?† I called hesitantly. The raps started again, more insistently this time. On the other side of the room, the cotton curtains blew violently in the wind. â€Å"Alfred?† I called, the hairs on the back of my neck standing up. Father’s tale had definitely affected me. â€Å"I won’t be needing dinner,† I called affected me. â€Å"I won’t be needing dinner,† I called loudly. I grabbed a letter opener from my desk and held it behind my back as I headed cautiously toward the door. But just as I placed my hand on the doorknob, the door began to swing inward. â€Å"This isn’t funny!† I called, half hysterical, when all of a sudden, a figure in pale blue slipped into the room. Katherine. â€Å"Good, because humor has never been one of my strong points,† Katherine said, her smile revealing her straight, white teeth. â€Å"I’m sorry.† I blushed and hastily dropped the letter opener onto the desk. â€Å"I’m just †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Y ou’re still recovering.† Katherine’s brown eyes locked with my own. â€Å"I’m sorry to startle you.† She sat down on the center of my bed, pulling her knees up to her chest. â€Å"Y our brother’s worried about you.† â€Å"Oh †¦,† I stammered. I couldn’t believe that Katherine Pierce had come into my bedroom and was sitting on my bed, as if it were perfectly normal. No woman, except my mother and Cordelia, had ever been in my sleeping chambers. I was suddenly embarrassed by my muddy boots in one corner, the pile of china dishes in another, and the Shakespeare volume still open on the desk. â€Å"Do you want to know a secret?† Katherine asked. I stood at the door, clutching the brass doorknob. â€Å"Maybe?† I asked hesitantly. â€Å"Come closer and I’ll tell you.† She beckoned me with her finger. Townspeople were scandalized if a couple went walking to the Wickery Bridge without a chaperone. But here Katherine was without a chaperone–or stockings, for that matter –perched on my bed, asking me to join her there. There was no way I could resist that. I gingerly sat on the edge of the bed. Immediately she flipped onto her hands and knees and crawled over to me. Pushing her hair over one shoulder, she cupped my ear with her hand. â€Å"My secret is that I’ve been worried about you, too,† she whispered. Her breath was unnaturally cold against my cheek. My leg muscles twitched. I knew I should demand that she leave, right away. But instead I inched closer to her. â€Å"Really?† I whispered. â€Å"Yes,† Katherine murmured, looking deep into my eyes. â€Å"Y need to forget Rosalyn.† ou I shivered and glanced away from Katherine’s dark-brown eyes toward the window, watching a fast-moving summer storm sweep in. Katherine took my chin in her ice-cold hands and turned my eyes back to hers. â€Å"Rosalyn is dead,† she continued, her face full of sorrow and kindness. â€Å"But you aren’t. Rosalyn wouldn’t have wanted you to shut yourself away like a criminal. No one would want that for their betrothed, don’t you agree?† I nodded slowly. Even though Damon had told me the same thing, the words made infinitely more sense when coming from Katherine’s mouth. Her lips curved in a small smile. â€Å"Y ou’ll find happiness again,† she said. â€Å"I want to help you. But you have to let me, sweet Stefan.† Katherine laid her hand against my forehead. I felt a surge of heat and ice converging at my temple. I flinched from the force of it, disappointment welling in my chest as Katherine’s hand dropped back into her lap. â€Å"Are those the flowers I picked for you?† Katherine asked suddenly, looking across the room. â€Å"Y ou’ve shoved them into the corner without any light!† â€Å"I’m sorry,† I said. She imperiously swung her legs off the bed and bent to take the basket from under my desk. She drew the shades, then stared at me, her arms crossed over her chest. My breath caught in my throat. Her light-blue crepe dress highlighted her tiny waist, and her necklace lay at the hollow of her neck. She was undeniably beautiful. She plucked a daisy from the bunch, removing the petals one by one. â€Å"Y esterday I saw a servant child play a silly game–he loves me, he loves me not.† She laughed, but then her smile abruptly turned solemn. â€Å"What do you think the answer would be?† And suddenly, she stood above me, her hands on my shoulders. I inhaled her scent of ginger and lemon, unsure what to say, knowing only that I wanted to feel her hands on my shoulders forever. â€Å"Would the answer be he loves me †¦ or he loves me not?† Katherine asked, leaning toward me. My body began quivering with a desire I didn’t know I possessed. My lips were mere inches away from hers. â€Å"What’s the answer?† Katherine asked, biting her lip in the impression of a shy maiden. I laughed despite myself. I felt as if I were watching the scene unfold, powerless to stop what I was about to do. I knew this was wrong. Sinful. But how could it be sinful if every fiber of my being wanted it more than anything? Rosalyn was dead. Katherine was alive. And I was alive, too, and I needed to start acting like it. If what Father said was true, and I was about to fight the battle of my life between good and evil, then I needed to learn to have confidence in myself and my choices. I needed to stop thinking and start believing in myself, in my convictions, in my desires. â€Å"Do you really need me to answer?† I asked, reaching for her waist. I grabbed her and pulled her onto the bed with a strength I didn’t know I her onto the bed with a strength I didn’t know I possessed. She shrieked in delight and tumbled onto the bed next to me. Her breath was sweet, and her hands were cold and holding mine, and suddenly, nothing else–not Rosalyn, not my father’s demons, not even Damon–mattered. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 13, Essay examples

Aimee-Lynn Edna Warburton H... free essay sample

Aimee-Lynn Edna Warburton Human Physiology Assignment Jenny Holden-Wilde Thursday, 31 May 2018Potassium deficiency in the body (Hypokalemia)What is Hypokalemia?Hypokalemia, also known as hypokalaemia, is when the levels of potassium in the blood in the body are too low.What is potassium needed for in the body?Potassium is important in the body. It helps to carry electrical signals/impulses to cells inside of the body and it is important for the normal functioning of muscle and nerve cells, specifically the heart.It is mainly used for three different areas; Balancing blood pressure levels, musculoskeletal functions, and as an electrolyte.Balancing blood pressure levels. Balanced levels of potassium and sodium are important for the bodys electrolyte levels. So, as sodium has a massive effect on the bodys blood pressure levels, increasing your daily potassium intake can help to keep your blood pressure levels secure as the increase of potassium will help to even out your internal sodium count. Musculoskeletal functions.Potassium is important for your smooth and skeletal muscles to contract. Because of this good strong levels of potassium are needed for regular digestive and muscular functioning. Potassium is also important for the health of your heart and with too little potassium in the body; your heart rate may increase into an irregular heartbeat- This may lead of a cardiac arrest. Symptoms of hypokalemia Symptoms of hypokalemia may include fatigue (feeling very tired), constipation, getting cramps throughout the body, and feeling weakness throughout the body. How do you lose potassium from the body?Potassium can be lost from the body in many ways. The most common way people lose potassium is via bodily fluids. (This is usually after taking medication. If this is the case, it will be lost through urine. Medications prescribed that may cause this include treatments for heart disease or high blood pressure.)Other ways that potassium can be lost is through vomiting, diarrhoea, alcohol use or the use of diuretics/laxatives.Occasionally, low levels of potassium are caused by not consuming enough potassium in your diet. Treatments for hypokalemia (Ways to put potassium back into the body)Good ways to put potassium back into the body would be to eat potassium rich foods. Some of these are; bananas, avocados, spinach, and sweet potatoes.Stopping drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, and switching to medications which make you not urinate as often are also ways to keep your bodys potassium levels normal.No medical interventions are needed to cure his disease.__________________________________________________________________________________________Sodium deficiency in the body (hyponatremia)What is hyponatremia?Hyponatremia is when the levels of sodium in the blood in the body are too low.What is sodium needed for in the body?Sodium is essential for the body. Without it we would simply not function properly and in cases with complete lack of sodium we would die. The most important roles of sodium in the body are to regulate your blood pressure and to help with muscle and nerve function.Balancing blood pressure levels.Sodium is absorbed into the blood through the GI tract (gastrointestinal tract) and is a very important factor for keeping your blood pressure levels steady. Sodium pulls in and keeps hold of water (hence why is it used as a curing product) this is useful to control the liquid content of the blood in the body. Without sodium we would lose the majority of the liquid content of the blood.Muscle and nerve function.Muscles and nerves require electrical currents to work. Both muscle and nerve cells create the needed electrical currents by regulating the flow of electrically charged molecules- sodium being an example.In muscle cells the contraction of the muscle is stimulated by these electrical currents. However, in nerves, they require the electrical current to communicate with other nerves. Molecular pumps are used inside of cells to regulate the sodium levels outside of the cell as they are needed to be kept high. Whenever an electrical current is required by the body, cells allow the positively charged sodium ions, NA+, into the cell, generating a positive electrical current. What part of the body regulates sodium levels?Sodium levels are regulated very carefully in the body to prevent levels from getting too high, or too low. However, your kidneys are responsible for regulating the concentration of sodium; this includes retaining sodium when your levels are low and excreting sodium in your urine when levels are too high. People with kidney problems may be more susceptible to quick and dangerous changes in sodium levels due to the non-functioning of their kidneys. Other ways that sodium is lost is in the form of sweat. This means that people who sweat more than other people, such as athletes, are more likely to have a sodium deficiency during increased periods of physical activity.Effects of sodium deficiency.As sodium is such an important integral part of muscle and nerve function, too little sodium can have catastrophic effects on the body. Common effects of hyponatremia are; cramps, headaches, muscle spasms, irritability, restlessness, nausea and fatigue. However, more severe signs of it are; confusion, hallucinations, decreased consciousness and even resorting to being placed into a coma. Treatments for sodium deficiencyThe only treatment often needed for a deficiency in sodium is a dietary or lifestyle change. Only in severe cases of hyponatremia, intravenous (IV or drip) fluids and electrolytes may be required. In this case, medication is usually needed to treat the underlying cause of the hyponatremia as well as the medication to manage the symptoms of it.________________________________________________________________________________Calcium deficiency in the body (hypocalcemia)What is hypocalcemia?Hypocalcemia, also known as hypocalcaemia is the lack of calcium in the body.What is potassium needed for in the body?Since calcium is a vital mineral, it is needed to build strong teeth and bones. Calcium is also required for your heart and other organs and muscles to function properly. If you do not get enough calcium as a child, its proven that you will not grow to your full height as an adult (Graham Rogers, MD on August 25, 2017). Who is at risk of developing hypocalcaemia?Many people are at an increased risk of developing hypocalcaemia as they age. This may be because of a variety of factors, including; poor calcium intake over an extended period of time- usually childhood, medications that may decrease calcium absorption, dietary intolerance to foods that contain calcium, hormonal changes- especially in women, and certain genetic factors.Other causes of hypocalcaemia are; people with low levels of vitamin D- as it makes it harder to absorb calcium, people that medications and drugs used to treat elevated calcium levels, people with pancreatitis, people with hypomagnesaemia or hyperphosphatemia, septic shock, renal failure and the removal of the parathyroid gland tissue as part of surgery to remove the thyroid gland. Missing your daily dose of calcium will not make you deficient over night, but its still important to eat calcium every day. Vegans are more likely to become calcium deficient quicker as they do nt eat calcium rich dairy products.Effects of calcium deficiencyThere are no short-term symptoms or effects of hypocalcaemia because the body maintains its calcium levels by taking calcium directly from the bones. However, having low levels of calcium for a long period of time can have serious effects. Such as; confusion or memory loss, muscle spasms, numbness and tingling in the hands, feet and face, depression, hallucinations, muscle cramps, weak and brittle nails, and having easy fracturing bones. Calcium deficiencies can affect all parts of the body, resulting in slower hair growth and fragile, thin skin.It is also an important role player in both neurotransmitter release and muscle contractions. This is why calcium deficiencies can bring on seizures in otherwise healthy people.Treatments for hypocalcaemiaHypocalcaemia is usually quite easy to treat. It typically involves adding more calcium to your diet.It is important that you do not self-treat by taking a lot of calcium supplements, As taking more than the recommended dose without your doctors approval can lead to serious issues such as kidney stones. Supplements recommended by doctors include; calcium carbonate, calcium citrate and calcium phosphate. These can come in liquid, tablet or chewable forms.What are the possible complications from having a calcium deficiency? Complications from having hypocalcaemia include; eye damage, an abnormal heartbeat and osteoporosis. Serious osteoporosis can lead to difficulty walking, spinal fractures or other bone fractures and even disability.________________________________________________________________________________Starch, proteins, lipids, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and vitamin C are all key nutrients needed for maintaining a balanced diet.What do we need carbohydrates for?We need carbohydrates in the body as glucose is our number one source of energy for our cells and brain. Without glucose we wont be able to think and remember things as well as the neurotransmitters in your brain wont be able to synthesize properly. Carbohydrates also contain lots of vitamin B, which help you make red blood cells which transport oxygen around your body, and vitamin C, which helps you to keep your skin healthy and it reduces any damage to your body from toxic chemicals.Furthermore, eating carbohydrates reduces the risk of heart disease and lowers your cholesterol levels dramatically. Without glucose from the carbohydrates, your body would eat up your muscles instead, causing serious problems for your body.Glucose even provides nutrients for the bacteria in our intestines, which help us to digest food.What happens if you dont have carbohydrates in your diet?If you dont have carbohydrates in your diet, you wont have enough glucose in your blood, so your blood sugar levels will drop causing hypoglycemiaThe signs of hypoglycemia are: hunger, shakiness, dizziness, confusion, difficulty speaking and feeling anxious or weak.How do you put carbohydrates back in to your diet?One way to put carbohydrates back into your bod y is eating foods like: grains, fruits, beans, milk products and vegetables.What do we need proteins for?We need protein in our body as every single cell in our body is made out of amino acids. Amino acids help us to repair and make new cells. Having a sufficient amount of protein in our body is also important for growth and development in small children, teenagers and pregnant women. To add to this it is also needed to make enzymes, hormones and other bodily chemicals. And is even an important building block for bones, muscles, cartilage, skin and blood.What happens if you dont have proteins in your diet?There are nine essential amino acids you need to stay healthy. Without protein in your diet you can become amino acid deficient. Symptoms of amino acid deficiency include: muscle loss (unexpected weight loss caused by this), fatigue, depression, anxiety and even anemia. Your body will also be more prone to injury, and may take a lot longer to heal.When your body is lacking the intake of protein, your body will start to break down your skeletal muscles to make sure that amino acids are still being produced and transported around the body; this is why people that are amino acid deficient may experience significant weight loss and severe weakness and fatigue.How do you put proteins back in to your diet?One way to put proteins back into your body is to eat foods such as meats, milk, fish, and eggs, poultry, soy, beans, legumes, nut butters, and some grains which are high in amino acids.What do we need Vitamin C for?We need vitamin C in the body as it helps with the synthesis of collagen; a major part of connective tissue, bones, cartilage, and teeth which helps you heal. Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant for the body, which helps protect the bodys cells from damage. What happens if you dont have Vitamin C in your diet?If you dont have enough vitami n C in your body your blood vessels may become extremely weak with a possibility of them breaking. Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency are: bleeding; especially from the gums, tooth loss, a slow and sometimes painful healing process, anemia, bleeding from the skin, bruising easily and very frequent nose bleeds. How do you put Vitamin C back in to your diet?You can put vitamin C back into your body by eating fruit and vegetables. Some of these that are high in vitamin C are: red or yellow peppers, oranges or orange juice, strawberries, blackcurrants, broccoli, Brussels sprouts and potatoes.

Zara analysis free essay sample

ZARA is one of the trendy garment retailers as an important brand in portfolio of Inditex. With development of technology and extension of market, ZARA has expanded to over 1,500 stores in 44 countries, since founded at a Spanish town called La Coruna in 1975. In internationalization process, Zara employed various retailer formats, especially online shops, to complement weakness in traditional in-store purchase. Moreover, current development status of e-tailling is attractive for Zara to entry when facing increasingly fierce competition. Apparently, this â€Å"clicks-and-bricks† approach makes sense to some degree. This article demonstrates rationale why ZARA launched online store by combining academic theories with situational audits. Furthermore, it proposes several recommendations to optimize current online retailing. Obviously, it is meaningful to research Zara which is a leader in textile retailer. As one of biggest garment retailer, its behaviour sets an example for other rivals, even brings a new model for this industry in further development. We will write a custom essay sample on Zara analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Owing to stimulus from success of Zara, resource allocation or even industrial structure might be recombined. On the other hand, it proposes a new purchase belief or lifestyle, which should be suitable to several time-pressured consumers. Therefore, rationale why wither choose this articles is apparent based on contextual statements. 2. Zara has been landing in online retailing After success of online retailing store in Spain, trendy fashion retailer Zara planed to install web store in France, Italy, Portugal and the UK, in 2010 September. Until to 2011, Zara boasted it had extended its online presence to customers in more than sixteen European countries, Japan and US. Rationale for e-tailing uses in European countries Zara has expanded European market via building online channel. In following essay, it would analyse what and how variables entice Zara’s practice by integrating academic knowledge and situational analysis. 2. 1. 1 Superiority of internet retailing With popularization of computer science in society, net accessed by personal computer has being accepted as a professional and interactive mainstream intermediary. For several social departments, searching information through internet has been regarded as a habit in daily life. Virtual shop owes its inherent advantages compared to other retailing classes in following aspects (Rosemary Mohammed, 2004): The most prominent characteristic of e-tailing retailer is selling via network instead of entity store, which is beneficial to decrease dependence on specific location. As a manner to approach sophisticated retailer that may be geographically distant to customer, net helps virtual retailers to communicate with consumers and cover wider target market by providing home shopping service. Unlike store-based retailers, it is unnecessary for sellers to possess physical space for inventory or exhibition. Internet is adopted as a display platform and transaction mechanism, namely delivery commodity directly after completed transaction. It reduces operating costs to a great extent if deducting rental fees, operational expenditure and relatively higher labour salaries. As previous empirical research showed, average transaction cost is around $15 per transaction in traditional retailing compared to approximately $0. 3 in virtual resale (Philipps et al. , 1997). This huge difference between costs induces retailer join in virtual retailing markets extremely. In comparison to catalogue retailer, internet dealer also holds own advantages. On the one hand, expense in producing and distributing catalogue is much higher and information cannot be updated promptly on catalogue. On the other hand, online shop display merchandise without upper restriction on size of catalogue or quantity of product represented. .Considering its social influence, e-tailing impels a new home-shopping device, capacitating time-pressured and less flexible consumers to purchase regardless of limitation on shop business hours. Moreover, it also implies that clients can eliminate time spending in visiting shops or waiting in  queue, which is the most boring part in shopping. Besides enlarging target market, it also proposes a fashionable shopping belief which is popular among young people. 2. 1. 2 Situational audits Zara undertake online retailing in European countries according to comparative environment and own marketing strategy except for advantages of e-tailing. The following part reveals how Inditex draft development device according to specific situation. Firstly, recent years witnessed a rapid rise in online retailing sales; namely, the significance of web store use is displayed among retail sector gradually. As facts demonstrated by U. S. Census Bureau, online quarterly sales increased stably at 28% from 2000 to 2007. In the duration, the average growth rate of total retail sales only made up 4. 5% (U. S. Census Bureau, 2007). With popularization of internet use, a growing number of net users create niche market in retailing industry, who becomes potential consumer. Concededly, it holds enormous growth potential although online transactions only generate a small portion of total retail sales. Therefore, Zara intend to seize the opportunity to reach expanded target market. Secondly, biggest rivals have launched and succeeded in virtual store in succession. On the one hands, as Jeremy demonstrates, brand that has not referred to online presence suffers a huge threat from competitors’ dramatic increase in online turnover. Obviously, rivals’ aggressive expansion in online market creates a threat to Zara’s sales. In order to maintain even enlarge market share, Zara participates in online retailing competition under compulsion. On the other hand, competitor’s success strengthens Zara’s confidence in web retailing. Meanwhile, it also offers a model used on guide strategy implement on internet. Facing increasingly fierce competition, hence Zara plan to occupy virtual market via installing online shops as soon as possible. Thirdly, online retailing complements in-store selling profitably. Online stores will comfortably supplement its extensive store estate by means of providing extra service to consumer, especially dispelling restriction on time and space. Moreover, Zara’s entry to the online retail has opened access to an enormous source of data that can be collected and analyzed to improve corporate business strategy and marketing device in further development. The gathered massages can be used for designing and executing Zara’s own marketing initiatives, such as direct mailing (n. a. , 2012). Finally, characteristics of e-tailing correspond with its marketing strategy. Zara  has adopted pattern  that manufacture and replenish constant new products in invasive price to develop curiosity and make it indispensable for a regular visit simultaneously. E-tailing can lessen expenditure on store operation efficiently and thereby decrease costs which is closely linked with price. Meanwhile, virtual shops renew catalogue in time that satisfy needs of fast fashion industry. Furthermore, most internet shoppers are in 20 to 30 years old, which is coincidence with target market of Zara. Considering realistic significance of virtual retailing, it is reasonable for Zara’s entry. 2. 2 Recommendation for virtual retailing in further development Until now, Zara’s website has been built, which installed online interactions between seller and buyer ranging from the point customers visit in retailer’s web to the point retailers fulfill consumer order (Field et al. , 2004 and Smith et al, 2007). During whole process, Zara has formulated a series of management measures to control performance in e-tailing. In the first place, it matches online price to those in physical store across each country. In term of payment approach, this transactional website accepts lump-sum payment by credit cards or debit card. Secondly, there is no charge for shoppers to delivery merchandise when they purchase at Zara online store. Furthermore, consumer also can require delivery channel by express courier or regular post according to their situation. Thirdly, e-store is constantly renewed by updated items when entity shops exhibit new arrivals. Finally, this web offers same exchanges and returns policy as in physical store. That superior after-sales service lifts customers’ worries to some degree (Susan, 2011). However, besides previous efforts, Zara is required to make a progress in following areas for the sake of perfecting online retailing (Alba et al. , 1997). Recommending related merchandise Unlike traditional in-store retailing, electronic sellers facilitate one-stop shopping and enhance service quality via offering various complementary products. Relying on personalization technologies, retailers provide customized features online, namely complex catalog navigation and tailoring of the purchase process (Kramer. et.al. , 2010). For example, customer is provided with recommendations of products that the customer might be interested in, based on the product searched for or those previously bought by the customer. Given this popular marketing approach, Zara web can suggest best-seller in season or complementary product accord with items based on current or previous buying. Moreover, it also should advise several garments in similar style in accordance with purchase history. It allows Zara to deliver trust built from one merchandise area to another consequently maximizing possibility of cross-buying and rising sales. Improving distribution system As one of main variables to restrain internet retailing development, order fulfillment is considered as an obstacle to expand electronic market. Additionally, distribution expenses and efficiency are regarded as factors which influence shopping decision. Actually, Zara indeed has set few policies in this area before. Besides those previous measures, Zara can recruit specialist and build logistics system to supervise online order, inventory management, and goods distribution. During the process, staff should check every order and deliver merchandise as soon as possible. This efficient distribution system not only helps Zara to satisfy current consumer, but also strengthen own competitiveness compared to other online rivals. Offering good consumer service The quality of online buying process affects consumer purchase decision, satisfaction and loyalty (Zeitham et. al. , 2002 and Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2003). Like other retailing approaches, transaction disputes happen inevitably across online shopping process, which mainly contains unpunctual order arrival, unqualified products and payment problem. To be competitive, sellers are not only required to supply high-class merchandise, but also offer a pleasant shopping experience via superior service to ensure whole process is responsive and convenient for consumers (Lqbal, et. al. , 2003). Therefore, it is necessary to improve relationship between buyers and sellers by improving consumer service. For this purpose, Zara should arrange personnel to answer questions before purchase, help consumer to complete complex transaction during purchase, and optimize after-sales service, especially respond or deal with consumer complains. For example, the website retailer can retrieve personal account information which is then automatically store in personal account of consumer for the sake of facilitating consumer to review past searching or purchase and track order in shipment. Favorable shopping experience should increase repeat purchase behaviour to some degree. Managing customer relationship In the highly competitive virtual marketplace where cost of retaining a customer is lower than recruiting a new one, relationship marketing take on an added importance. Zara can communicate with existing customers to advertise online, show updated products, and inform new promotions. For example, the website supplies the alternative of receiving reminder of special events or message about new arrivals. If complete payments, consumer will receive homologues voucher which can be used in next transaction automatically. Apparently, this act is available to increase repeat purchase, build customer loyalty and at least retain current market share. 3. Conclusion This article mainly discusses retailing marketing concepts which is contained in news as appendix. On the on hand, the essay explains the rationale why Zara launched online retailing store, which contains inherent superiority of online store and appropriate environment. On the other hand, writer proposes several recommendations, including merchandise assortment supply, distribution efficiency rise, consumer service improvement and customer relationship management. As predicted, with improvement in web retailing and economic resurgence, Zara’s virtual retailing will boom; and hence Zara will adjust current economic growth pattern to flourishing online marketplace. Furthermore, thanks to stimulate from success of several giants in virtual market, fast fashion industry will recombine resource allocation at a certain extent. The group already sells a home range online, but its revamped website will offer fashion lines which have only been available in its stores until now. The push into cyberspace is seen as a defensive move that comes amid fears of a decline in High Street spending. HM will follow in the next fortnight; Gap began online sales for the first time outside the US last month. Consumer confidence is waning and many fear a further economic slowdown. Online fashion sales, meanwhile, are proving resilient. At rival Next, for instance, first-half sales in stores fell 1. 5%, while its home shopping business saw sales rise 7. 8%. Further strength in internet trading has been reported by Asos, the online market leader, which said sales rose 54% during the January-to-March quarter when compared with the same period a year earlier. Online growth Online retail sales have boomed as more people get high-speed internet connections and time-pressed shoppers take advantage of shopping from home or work, according to industry observers. Shopping on the net is expected to see sales grow to ? 94bn ($144 bn) in Western Europe by 2014, from ? 56bn in 2009, according to consultants Forrester. But online sales still only make up a small proportion of total sales. In the UK, only 8% of total sales in July were made online, according to the Office for National Statistics. Shops that dont have an online presence have noticed rival stores enjoying a dramatic increase in online sales, while their sales in shops have been pretty flat, according to Jeremy Baker, professor of marketing at the ESCP business school. Complement to existing stores Zaras online shop will soon be followed by HMs online shop, which will go live on 16 September. Gap and Banana Republic are already there, having opened their online operations outside the US for the first time, on 26 August. Online stores add to rather than cannibalize physical stores, hence they tend to bring in additional sales, according to industry observers. There is clearly demand for Zara product online, said Simon Chinn, retail consultant at Verdict Research. It will comfortably complement its extensive store estate, adding an extra level of service for its customers. Rapid growth Online retail sales are set to double in next three years Zara is liked by more than 4. 5 million people who have signed up as fans on Facebook. The key now is to convert those fans into customers. Inditex, Zaras parent company, has overtaken Gap as the worlds biggest clothing retailer by sales. Inditex chief executive, Pablo Isla, said: Customers should expect the launching of online selling for the groups other brands in coming years. The success of retailers such as the dedicated online fashion site Asos hints at how rapid the migration of sales from traditional stores to the internet is, especially among the 18-34 age group. Zara made a small profit in the year to the end of January 2010, after recording a sharp loss during the previous year. It is hoping to see a 10% rise in revenue linked to its online store.

Book Review Harvest of Empire

Book Review Harvest of Empire Book Review: Harvest of Empire Harvest of Empire by Juan Gonzalez book review essay: From time immemorial, humans always had the ‘urge’ to move into new geographical territories with various motivations. Starting from earlier motivations of discovering new lands, imperialism to current economic motivations, people enter new countries en masse. This movement for economic development is known as immigration in present day context, and there are few economically developed countries, which elicit high number of immigrants. This immigration experience is one of the constant affairs of American life, as people from all over the world, view America as the land of immense opportunities, and enter it both legally and illegally. This view about America was critically analyzed by Juan Gonzales in his book titled, Harvest of Empire, focusing mainly on the immigration of the Latino population and how it impacts America’s foreign policies as well. Gonzales provides the readers a historical overview of how the Latino immigration started centuries ago, and at the same time provides a laser-like analysis of the current events, that are impacting the Latino population and thereby America’s politics and diplomacy. So, this paper will first provide a review of the book and then will analyze how its contents, particularly the portions which focus on the current issues impacting the Latino population, relate to todays politics and diplomacy. Personal Interpretation or opinion Harvest of Empire by Juan Gonzales is a must read book for all those who want to know about the history of Latinos immigrants, who are now considered as the fastest growing ethnic segment in America. Gonzalez starts off by examining the history of Latinos in America, right from the times when Spain and Britain made territorial conquest of America, till the present day. He has divided the book into three sections calling each sections has â€Å"Roots†, â€Å"Branches† and finally â€Å"Harvest†. The first section of â€Å"Roots† only provides the historical background of the Latino immigration by focusing on the earliest relations between the Latin American countries and the United States of America. In this section, Gonzalez was quite critical of America’s foreign policy and diplomacy, particularly its imperialistic tendencies in the early centuries. According to the author, at that time, America tried to impose its will and influence over many coun tries and even over certain cultural or ethnic groups. â€Å"†¦a vicious and relentless drive for territorial expansion, conquest, and subjugation of others- Native Americans, African slaves, and Latin Americans.† (Gonzalez 270). Thus, the author opines that America’s drive to become a sort of ‘Empire’ started in the early centuries itself. He states that America entered into or even extended its influence over many South American countries, thus negatively influencing those countries’ internal affairs, which in a way worked as a catalyst for the Latinos immigration. Negative influence in the sense, America plundered the natural resources of the Latin American countries, and thereby inhibited the growth of indigenous industries and economies. With not enough avenues for livelihood in those countries, sizable number of Latinos started entering America. â€Å"If Latin America had not been raped and pillaged by U.S. capital since its independence , millions of desperate workers would not now be coming here in such numbers to reclaim a share of that wealth.† (Gonzalez 206). Thus, it is clear that Gonzales puts the blame for the Latino immigration into America and the problems associated with it, on the Americans themselves, or in particular, on the Americans’ political and diplomatic policies. His theory is clear that the different Latino groups that exist and function today in the American society are a result of the historical happenings and actions of the American government. The second section of â€Å"Branches† focuses on each one of the six major groups of the Latino population in America. In each chapter, Gonzales separately describes about the culture, living conditions, family, etc., of the Mexicans, Cubans, Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, Columbians and Panamanians, and the Central Americans. That is, although all these groups are joined by a common language of Spanish, and are tagged as Latinos, â€Å"they come from 20-odd countries with distinct histories, customs and blends of European, African and indigenous stock.† (Robinson). He gives equal coverage to all these groups in separate chapters, by writing about certain individuals or about their families, thereby reflecting the general immigration story of all these major Latino groups. After providing an historical overview and background about the Latino immigration and the immigrants, Gonzales focuses on the real issues, which are impacting their lives. He discusses how certain sectio ns of the Latino population have not still integrated and assimilated with the American society, and then lists out certain steps that can be taken for further assimilation and acculturation. The book on the whole has several positive points going for it, as Gonzalez puts forward an interesting and informative historical overview of the Latino immigration and the current political issues impacting the Latino immigrants, backed with extensive research. Relation to todays Political and diplomatic policies One of the key political as well as social realities that can be understood from the book is the clear rise in the Latino population. When one focuses on the population numbers of America and their demographic profile, it is clear that the Latinos are on the verge of becoming the largest minority group in America, even overtaking the African American population. This striking demographic transformation is a key reality, which was forecasted by Gonzales in early 2000’s itself. â€Å"For a country long used to seeing itself as black and white, it will be something of a shock when Hispanics become the nations largest minority group in five years and fully one-quarter of the population by mid-century.† (Robinson). This swelling of the Latin population provides them increased clout in various spheres of American life, particularly politics. With candidates in all types of elections from Presidential to local level elections mainly focusing on vote banks to garner bulk votes, the Latino population are getting good attention, thus showing that ethnicity and social class matters in America, particularly from political angle and during elections. â€Å"Recent elections show that the Latino vote has become key in critical states, and most presidential candidates now on the stump are at least trying to speak a few words of Spanish† (Robinson). As mentioned above, vote bank politics are the order of the day, with the candidates trying their best to appeal to particular communities or people of particular race, religion, ethnicity etc. Candidates do that by doing certain culture specific actions, and thereby try to associate with people of particular ethnicity and social class, and in the process showing him/her as one of them. When they do that, they will be able to garner votes en masse. This focus on individuals’ ethnicity and social class by the election candidates clearly shows that both these factors truly matters in the current multicultur al American society. The other key social-ethnic reality concerning Latino immigration as well as immigration on the whole, is, American government is taking strong steps to curtail immigration, thereby impacting its foreign policies and diplomacy. The government is toughening its regulations regarding entry of skilled professional immigrants as well as ‘plugging’ the entry points of the under-skilled illegal immigrants in its borders. In the book, Gonzalez equates the border control steps taken by the American government to the building of Great Wall in China. The other major issue that is visible when it comes to the anti-immigration stance against the Latino population is the clear exhibition of racism in diplomatic handling of immigration. That is, although immigrants from different ethnic and cultural groups from various parts of the world are illegally entering America, mainly the Latino immigrants are being targeted. They are treated in a strong manner and deported back to their homel ands immediately, while the immigrants of Caucasian ethnicity are treated in a leaner manner, thus validating the statement that ethnicity and status plays a role in American diplomacy as well. â€Å"Again racism defines the xenophobia: in 1996, Gonzalez points out, 2,047 â€Å"illegal† Canadians were deported (out of 120,000) compared to 1.5 million Mexicans (out of 2.7 million).† (Martinez). It is clear that the Latino immigration as discussed by Gonzales in the book, Harvest of Empire has relations to the social-ethnic issue of racism. As racism is also carried out on the basis of an individual’s ethnicity and social class, it is clear that both are relevant in the present day society. That is, as pointed out above, even in the issue of deporting immigration, racism is done, and this shows how racism causing ethnicity and social class to make an impact in the diplomatic matters. From the above analysis, it is clear that Juan Gonzales has focused on a very imp ortant issue of immigration, as it is having effects in various spheres of the American society particularly in its politics and diplomacy. Do you still need book review help on Harvest of Empire topic? is professional book review writing service which will gladly help with your book review or book report essay starting at $12/page!

Business Plan for Longines Watches Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Plan for Longines Watches - Case Study Example It is proposed to start an excusive dealership of the world famous luxury brand of the company Longines in the city of New York. Longines is an internationally famous Swiss brand that has been in the business of manufacturing quality watches since the year 1832. The company is also well known as time-keepers in many international sporting events across the world. The dealership will be situated in the address given above and will be having an area of 2000 sq feet. The interiors will be according to the specifications given by the company and will be similar to other dealers across the world. The store will be temperature controlled with pleasant and well trained staff including a doorman. The venture will be in the form of a sole proprietorship. Advertising in the media will be the main strategy to be followed. Other marketing efforts will include appointment of marketing representatives and internet business. There are several aspects of the business that researcher presented in the case study that needs immediate attention. Firstly, financial planning and management and approaching banks for financial assistance for setting up business. Secondly, the researcher prepared the SWOT analysis for knowing areas of strengths and weaknesses and described the budgeting and financial forecasting for future years. Thirdly, the researcher demonstrated human resources management and personnel management in the case study and other areas which may be of concern for start up trading companies. ... Ten sales persons will be appointed to serve customers. They will be given proper training in technicalities and etiquette. Luxury watch brand market: The luxury branded watch market in the United Sates is dominated only by a few well known international companies. They include apart from Longines, Accutron, Bulova, Citizen, Colibri, ESQ, Movado, Pulsar and Seiko. All these brands, especially Citizen, Longines and Seiko are well known and need no introduction to the market. Growth Rate: It is estimated that the venture will have a growth rate of 10% per year. Outlook: Growing affluence and the need for exclusivity among customers are advantages in this type of industry. The outlook is that the venture will be able to maintain a growth rate of 10% for the next five years. Mission statement: To be the most preferred luxury watch outlet in the city of New York Uniqueness: The dealership of one of the most respected and oldest watch brands in the world. Being an exclusive outlet will allow us to give a better pricing to our customers when compared to sub-dealers of the same brand. Key factors: Quality and name of the brand, high quality customer service and after sales service. Market analysis: Our customers come from up-market backgrounds, occasional purchase by the middle income group, organizations who use our products as gifts. There is no special off season or lean season for this segment and business is expected to be steady throughout the year. It is expected that sales will be higher during festive seasons like Christmas and New Year. It is estimated that there will at least 500,000 potential customers in the city. Distributed among our competitors, we estimate that we have 75,000 potential